ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE BIBILIOGRAPHY AND GLOSSARY
| abr. | abridgment |
| Ap. | appendix |
| art. | article |
| bk. | book |
| cf. | compare |
| Ch. | chapter |
| col. | column |
| ed( s) | editions( s), editor( s) |
| Eng. | English |
| esp. | especially |
| et al. | and others |
| f., ff. | and the following pages( s) |
| Fig. | figure |
| fn. | footnote |
| l. | line |
| loc. cit | in the same place |
| o. | omnindex |
| orig. | originally |
| partic. | particularly |
| pl. | plate |
| pt. | part |
| priv. | privately |
| publ. | published |
| q. v. | see |
| repr. | reprinted |
| rev. | revised |
| [sic] | thus, indicating an irregularity in this items |
| sci. | science, scientific |
| Su. | Summer |
| tr. | translated, translator |
| unpubl. | unpublished |
| v.,vols. | volume( s) |
Glossary especially designed for Solaria Binaria, but look up these same words
and many other terms of the book at the front of the CD, in the suggested index list,
or simply by employing the search engine, from anywhere on the CD.
| xaeon | is usually an indefinitely long time, here to designate the order of the conventional age of the planetary system, a billion (or thousand million) years. Also equivalent to gigayear. |
| afterglow | in a molecular gas, is produced by a pulsed electric discharge through pure nitrogen. The afterglow has been observed to persist to the darkness-adapted eye for several hours (Strutt); it is strongly visible for minutes (Ruark et al.). Other common gases produce weaker, shorter-lived afterglows. |
| Age of Jovea | is the period following the Deluge (about 5700 BP) to the time of Mercury's encounter with the Earth circa 4400 years ago. |
| Age of Saturn | brackets the period eight thousand to fifty-eight hundred years before present. |
| Age of Urania | is the first age of the Quantavolutionary Period, assigned to run from 14000 to 11000 years ago. Also called the Uranian age. |
| albedo | is the fraction of light reflected from a cosmic body. |
| anode | is an electron-deficient region in an electric discharge. It is the place towards which electron flow occurs, and can be the source of an ion (q. v.) current - the ions being electron-deficient atoms. |
| apastron | means the greatest separation of the principals (q. v.) in a binary. It is a homologue of apogee for an Earth satellite, and aphelion for a planet. The term apocentron is used elsewhere in place of apastron to describe the farthest point on an orbit. |
| arc-second | is the smallest unit of angular measurement using the scale where the circle is divided into 360 degrees. The degree has 60 arc-minutes. Each minute consists of 60 arc-seconds. |
| astronomical unit (AU) | is the present value of the Earth-Sun distance. It is equal to 149.6 gigametres (149.6 million kilometres). |
| barads | is a biblical term which can be interpreted as the fall of meteorites from the heavens. The Seventh Plague of Egypt. Stones such as are found in great fields on the Arabian desert. See Sieff. |
| cataclysm | is a sudden dense material deluge from the atmosphere altering biosphere and/ or lithosphere. see, quantavolution |
| catastrophe | is a sudden large-scale, extremely harmful event; the word probably originated from two Greek roots meaning a "falling star" but came to have assigned to it two different roots, meaning "down-turning" and applied to the denouement of a Greek tragedy. |
| cathode | in an electric discharge is the source of electrons for the conduction process. The cathode usually will be the most electron-rich region. |
| Celsius (degree) | is the unit of temperature using the scale of 100 degrees between the freezing and boiling points of water at one atmosphere, air-pressure. It was formerly called the Centigrade degree. One Celsius degree is 9/ 5 of the Farenheit degree still used in both the United States and Great Britain in 1982. |
| Central Fire | also, axis, electrical |
| charge (electrical), | see electric charge |
| chromosphere | the gases of the solar chromosphere appear to be hotter than the photospheric gases which lie below them. In the chromospheric region temperature rises abruptly by several tens of thousands of degrees Kelvin. Similar temperature increases have been detected across the chromosphere of other stars (Wright, p. 124). This layer of solar atmosphere can be viewed as an electric double layer between the plasmas of the solar photosphere and the corona. |
| close binaries, | see binaries |
| commensurabilities, | see mutual repulsion |
| companion | in a binary system is a body which revolves about the major component (q. v. principal) in the system: the orbiter; as the Earth about the much larger Sun. corona, see solar corona |
| cosmic pressure | on the theory that the Universe is pervaded by a continuum of electric charges, the notion arises that where charge-deficient cavities (stars) exist within the Universe a pressure results driving material within the cavity into one or more aggregations (stars, planets, etc.). The materials within these bodies are confined by cosmic pressure. |
| cosmic rays | are highly energetic electron-deficient atoms (mainly protons) which impinge equally upon the Earth from all directions. The average cosmic ray has an energy of 7 GeV. Cosmic ray electrons exist but they are only one hundredth as abundant as the protons (Hillas. pp. 67-9). The sky "shines" as brightly with cosmic rays as it does with starlight (Watson). The most energetic cosmic rays have an energy at least 100 billion times the average. Such cosmic rays are very rare. |
| crater, | see astrobleme | Curie Temperature | (after Pierre Curie) is that temperature at which magnetic materials undergo a sharp change in their magnetic properties. Remnant magnetism appears in rock below this temperature and is erased if the rock is heated above it. |
| Demiurge | refers to a grand original intelligence who acted to produce the real world, as described in cosmogonies of early peoples and philosophers. |
| deuteron | is the nucleus of a heavy hydrogen atom. Fusion of two deuterons is one step in the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen. |
| double layer (electric) | is the juxtaposition of an electric sheath containing an excess of electrons upon an electric sheath which is electron-deficient. Such a double layer is formed whenever two plasmas of differing electric charge densities meet, for example, between the Sun's photosphere and its corona and between the solar wind and the Earth's plasmasphere. The former double layer forms the solar chromosphere, the latter the Earth's magnetosphere and bow wave. |
| double star | is a synonym for binary star. |
| early-type stars | are those which, using conventional star-evolution-theory sequences, must be younger. Herein, using Bruce's scheme, these are the post-nova stars. They are in our system also high transaction stars. |
| electric neutrality | as used in this work is a local rather than an absolute condition. The existence of a measurable transaction between local bodies (like the Sun and the Earth) indicate there is not neutrality within the locality. If the galactic neutral is one too many electrons per million atoms, while in the Solar System there is one too many electrons per ten million atoms, then a current will tend to flow between the Sun and the Galaxy in order to make the Sun neutral. |
| electrophoresis | is the motion of particles (of atomic or larger size) under the influence of an electric field. This motion implies that the particles bear an electric charge. |
| eon, | see aeon |
| epoch, | see time |
| evolved-star | is one which does not obey Eddington's Mass-Luminosity law. Stars in close binary systems are usually of this type, indicative in our view of an intensive electric transaction between the principals in such binary systems. |
| faculae | are irregularly shaped unusually bright patches above the solar disc generally associated with sun spots. They are active regions in the photosphere and have their equivalent higher in the atmosphere as chromospheric plages and coronal condensations. (Chromospheric calcium plages are sometimes called flocculi.) |
| force, electrical, | see electrical force |
| fossil assemblages | are aggregates of fossils uncovered at a single location. They often exhibit ecological unconformity. galactic neutral, see electric neutrality giga( metre) The prefix giga is used to designate thousands of millions; called billions in the United States but not in Great Britain where billion refers to one million million (or 10 12 ). One gigametre is one million kilometres. |
| granule | on the solar photosphere about two and one half million granules exist at any moment. The average granule is 1000 kilometres across; it survives from five to ten minutes. Granules are about 100 K hotter than their surroundings. They show a turbulent motion of about 2 kilometres per second, like a bubble in a porridge pot (Abell, p. 526). |
| Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram | is a two-dimensional field of stars where luminosity (total radiation emitted) is the ordinate (dependent variable) and color (surface temperature) is the abscissa (determinant variable). This diagram is used extensively in astronomy to infer properties of stars whose distance makes direct measurement difficult or impossible. In terms of the HR diagram, evolved stars are either overluminous or underluminous for their color, that is, they are above or below the main sequence (q. v.) of the stars. |
| insolation | is the solar energy received at the Earth's surface. Only a fraction of the insolation is absorbed, some of it reflects into space. |
| ion | is here an atom from which one or more electrons typically present has been removed. see also, electron-deficient atoms. |
| ionosphere | is a layer of ionized atmosphere beginning at an altitude of 56 to 90 kilometers above the Earth's surface. This layer is electrically conductive. Its altitude and density varies over the day. In theory there is no upper limit to the ionosphere, yet detection of its upper layers is accomplished only infrequently. |
| irradiance | is the radiant flux incident upon a unit area of a surface. For sunlight it is the number of watts received per square metre of the Earth's surface. |
| Jovean Age, | see Age of Jovea |
| Kelvin | is the unit of temperature using the scale zeroed at absolute zero. It is the lowest conceivable temperature. The Kelvin unit is identical to the Celsius degree. The freezing point of water is 273.15 K( elvin). |
| Lagrangian point | in a three-body system the orbits can be computed if one of three bodies is negligibly tiny - in such a case the motion of the minuscule third body does not disturb the two primary bodies. Lagrange showed that for such a "restricted system of three bodies" there existed several points, co-rotating with the motion of the primary pair, where the third body could be trapped. The L1 point is one of these points; it lies between the two primary bodies. |
| least interaction action (sometimes, least action interaction), | see mutual repulsion |
| light-year | is a unit of distance. It represents approximately 10 16 metres, the distance light travels (in theory) through a vacuum in one year (3.16 x 10 7 seconds). |
| luminosity | of a star depends upon the area of the star's surface (opaque radiating layer of gases) and upon the fourth power of its surface temperature. The luminosity of a star is a measure of its energy output, it can be known directly, as opposed to inferred, only if the star's distance can be measured. |
| magnetite | is a black to brownish metallic stone with magnetic properties. The legendary lodestone is one of the magnetites. The magnetites are formed of octahedral crystals of mineral whose chemical structure contains the unit, XFe204 . X may be Fe, Mg, Ni, Zn, or Mn. The first is most common; the last two are only weakly magnetic. |
| main sequence stars | obey Eddington's Mass-Luminosity Law. They constitute the majority of stars whose distance, brightness, and temperature have been measured. |
| massive ion | ions are divided into fast and slow. Ions with greatest inertia to the field are said to be massive because they are harder to move; the easier they become mobile the more lightness they are assigned. Elements of low atomic number are most mobile. |
| mega( watts) | the prefix mega indicates a multiplier of one million. Hence a megawatt is one million watts and a megametre is one million metres. |
| memorial generations | is the difference in years between a youngest listening child and the oldest storytellers of a society. Here we assign this interval a value of 50 years. |
| milli( tesla) | the prefix milli refers to the multiplier one-thousandth. One millitesla is thus one-thousandth of a tesla. |
| mobility | is the ratio of the average drift velocity (attained between collisions) to the electric field strength (which produces the drift velocity). |
| Mohorovicic discontinuity | is the junction which separates the Earth's crust and mantle. Its depth is about 10 kilometres below the ocean basin. neutrinos, see nuclear fusion |
| Newtonian formulation |
states that the gravitational attraction between two celestial
bodies depends upon the product of the two point masses
transacting and upon the inverse of the square of the distance
separating the masses. Expressed mathematically
In metre-kilogram-seconds units (mks) the gravitational constant of proportionality (G) relates the force in newtons to the masses in kilograms and the separation in metres. G has the value 6.667 x 10 -11 m 3 /kg-s 2 so,
|
| nuclear fusion |
is the supposed stellar process by which the nucleii of four
hydrogen atoms collide with sufficient energy to coalesce
forming a single helium nucleus having slightly less mass
than the original hydrogen. The mass which is destroyed in
fusion reappears as radiant energy which slowly flows away
to the surface. In the fusion, two protons are changed into
two neutrons, two anti-electrons, and two neutrinos. The
neutrons remain in the fused helium nucleus, the
anti-electrons annihilate with two electrons (liberating more
radiant energy), and the neutrinos escape the star
immediately, travelling at the speed of light.
On Earth, a type of nuclear fusion has been sustained for one hundred pico-seconds. No continuing fusion process has been produced. To remain luminous by conventional theory the star must fuse hydrogen continuously (Rudeaux and de Vaucouleurs, pp. 316-9). nucleosynthesis, see nuclear fusion |
| nucleotides | the monomeric unit which makes up the nucleic acid molecules. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogen base, plus a sugar, and a phosphate group. |
| particle | is used here as a synonym for electrons, atoms and/ or electron-deficient atoms (ions) which are in motion, such as in an electric discharge, or in a flowing gas or plasma. So viewed, cosmic rays and stellar/ solar wind ions are particles. |
| periastron | means the least separation of the principals in a binary. Similarly, its homologues are perigee and perihelion when orbiting the Earth or the Sun. Elsewhere, the term pericentron is used to describe the closest approach between two bodies in orbit. |
| physical binary system | is here defined to consist of two bodies which are mutually dependent in respect to their orbital revolution about each other. In multiple star systems, which also exist, more than two bodies are in revolution about a common centre-of-motion, often designated as their baricentre. |
| plasma | is a gas in which the electrons are separated from the electron-deficient atoms. The whole gas contains approximately equal numbers of electrons and ions. |
| plenum | the contents of the sac of Solaria Binaria and later of the Solar System; excluding the distinctly stellar and planetary material in it. |
| Plinian eruption | is the most violent volcanic eruption known. It is of almost incomprehensible violence such as the eruptions of Stronghyle (believed to have occurred in 1500 BC), of Vesuvius (in AD 79) and of Krakatoa in 1883. |
| polymorphs | are organisms which during their life cycle undergo a transition (metamorphosis) between forms. In some species several forms co-exist within one colony at any moment. |
| polyploids | are species of plants (and sometimes animals) whose chromosome number exceeds twice the basic set of chromosomes (the haploid number) found in the gamete cell (which) produces a new organism by fertilization with an appropriate gamete cell of the opposite gender. It is not uncommon to breed plants with double or four times the original number of chromosomes (euploids). |
| primary | is the major body in a binary system, e. g. the Sun in the Solar System. The companion( s) orbit( s) the primary. In some systems neither object can be called primary. |
| principals | are the major components in a multiple or binary star system. Referring to Solaria Binaria they would be with time, the Sun and Super Uranus, then after Super Uranus' destruction in a climatic nova eruption, the Sun and Super Saturn. After the Deluge the principals become the Sun and Jupiter whose transactions today dominate motions in the surviving Solar System. |
| pulsars | are stars, a significant part of whose observed energy output is not continuous but is emitted as distinct flashes or pulses of electromagnetic radiation. Many pulsars also emit some radiation weakly and constantly, forming a background for the more intensive pulses. |
| quadrature | is the angular aspect by which two celestial bodies are observed from a third body to be ninety degrees apart in the sky. An example is the Sun and the quarter-phased Moon as seen from the Earth. |
| quantavolution | is an abrupt, large-scale change caused by, and affecting one or more spheres such as the astrophere, biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and anthrosphere. |
| quasar | is a celestial object which appears "star-like" but is not explainable in terms of the usual stellar properties. Many quasars have a visible "tail" - supposedly a jet of material expelled from the quasar. Often quasars emit anomalous amounts of radio waves. |
| radiation | is used here to denote electromagnetic waves of any wavelength. It includes, in order of descending wavelength, radiowaves, microwaves, infra-red, visible light, ultra-violet, X-rays, and gamma-rays. |
| sac | in Solaria Binaria, the container of all that can be included in Solaria Binaria, and later on the Solar System; as distinguishable from the medium of space external to it. |
| Saltation, | see Quantavolution |
| sidereal | measured relative to the stars rather than the Sun. |
| space-charge sheath | is a region in which either electrons or electron-deficient atoms predominate and through which electric currents flow. The space-charge limits the current through the sheath. There, electric field strength is not zero. |
| space infra-charge | is an electrical property of space itself, not determined by the presence of electrical charges or conductor's residing in that space. The infra-charge is homologous with Paul Dirac's electron theory (1928) which postulated that the vacuum was a sea-of-electrons possessing negative energies. These electrons are not normally detectable but can be prompted into existence (that is, converted into detectable electrons) under certain conditions. The electrons of Dirac's sea affect the energy states of atoms in space. To quote Nobel laureate Leon Cooper (606 fn.): "Thus the vacuum, rather than being an inert void responds to the presence of charges or masses and modifies their behaviour". |
| specific charge ratio | is a method of comparing the electric charge inherent in a celestial body with some other physical property such as its volume or the number of atoms which it contains. The ratio would thus be expressed in coulombs per cubic metre, coulombs per kilogram, or possibly as excess electrons per kilogram molecular mass (kilomole). |
| stellar wind | is the flow of material from a star to the Galaxy. In the electric star the stellar wind exists as one means of the star accumulating charge from the nearly "empty" space which surrounds it. By sending electron-deficient atoms to the Galaxy the star gains electrons relative to the material it contains. From the few stellar winds that have been measured, it seems as if the mass loss increases as the square root of the luminosity. In terms of the electric star model presented here, it is tempting to think that luminosity varies as the square of the star-to-galaxy current. There is some evidence that mass loss is enhanced when a close companion is present (Hutchings). |
| tera( amperes) | the prefix tera indicates one million million times the quantity. Tera- is thus a synonym for a multiplier of one billion in Great Britain, and one trillion in the United States. It is, as a measure of current, one million million amperes. |
| thermonuclear fusion | occurs in a gas of sufficient temperature that its atoms in collision will fuse in significant numbers (see nuclear fusion). A thermonuclear process is purported to provide the power radiated by the stars. |
| transactive matrix | is a quasi ordered plenum of electrons moving chaotically, which forms a medium through which ions can flow, thereby transmitting an electric currrent. The solar wind electrons form such a matrix, their existence allows the Sun to jettison ions towards the edge of the solar cavity where electrons are readily available. |
| transmutation | as used here to transmute means to change the form of, such as from kinetic to potential energy, or to modify the structure of a molecule, crystal, or atom. |
| troposphere | is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere. It is characterized by the complete mixing of the atoms and molecules of the atmospheric gases by significant vertical winds. The temperature and pressure declines with height in this layer. |
| unseen bodies | are components in a binary system which remain undetected by direct observation but are implied by some anomalous behaviour of those bodies which are detected. |
| visual binary system | is a binary system where the component stars are resolvable into separate optical images, that is, the star images are distinguishable. |
| whistling atmospheric | or whistler, is an electromagnetic wave in the audible frequency range (300 to 30 000 hertz). Its origin is in lightning discharges, and it is propagated along the magnetic field lines (see Hines). Whistlers are today audible only using an amplifier but in the environment of Solaria Binaria they should have been directly audible. |
