Figure (Table) 6 Test (mostly of absolute time) I. Earth Surface Features 1. Gross forms and Relations 2. Rock (or fossils) appearance Superposition of strata 3. __________________________________________________________________________________________ DISPUTED EXPLANATIONS OF THE TESTS OF TIME Idea of the Test Estimate of age, based on theory and presuppositions, of lakes, cratering, diastrophism, continental displacement, etc. Judgements of freshness, looseness, etc. Over-layers younger than under-layers, barring intrusions, displacement Evolutionary Explanation Convection-currents from hot mantle, snow and rain, and erosion define features over long times. Appearances are deceptive; The “eye,” feeling, and taste can distinguish age often gradual erosion and cementation Accepted and basic 1 Quantavolutionary Explanation All forms can be quickly created under high-energy conditions. Accepted and basic 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Sedimentation of materials Erosion of materials Salt deposits Metal deposits Caves, stalagmites Metamorphic Rock Magnetism of Rocks Fluid pressures (gas, oil, water) Rate of deposit, based on observation and / or suppositions of past rates Rate of deposit, based on observation and/or suppositions of past rates Same as I-1 plus I-4 Same as I.1 Present rate of growth, re- Water filtration through limestone, etc., long-term trocalculated Past heat and pressure rate; Gradual heating and noncastrophic forming terminated + I.1-2 Magnetometer registers last Infrequent reversals now be- Successive reversals amid moving surfaces shortens melt (a) Magnetic N orientation and (b) intensity Pressure, quantity, rate, exit Entombed fluids finally time = retrocalculation Generally, present rates are Revolutions have generally intruded with exponential typical of past rates rates Generally, present rates are Revolutions have generally intruded with exponential typical of past rates rates Dumping of hot waters or sudden burial Gradual evaporation of stranded salt waters Catastrophic column fallout or cosmic dumping. Old magmatic extrusions from below Thermal and electrical hienergy digging and carving Quasi-explosive and/or electrical trical heating lieved in with great effects time Continued pressure means late entrapment break through 2 12. II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Conglomeration Biological Indicator Birth and Extinction of species Fossil (includes bones, pollen, etc.) superposition Fossil zoning Fossil succession Adaptation time Same as I.1-4-5 Elapsed time for species to Occurs slowly by II.5-6-7 and individually with slow develop, ramify, and become extinct See I.3 Ecological life niches occupied and abandoned, changed and overlaid Superposed beds carry younger, more developed species Time elapsed for accommo- New species take long breeding for their dating to new surroundings Waters and air aggregate different material ecological change Orderly succession of species from primitive to modern Ladder of long-time succes- Disastrous cross-currents transport and superimpose dif- sion of life niches Evolution promotes young, Many exceptions, assumptions, developed fossils to higher anomalies, mixtures rocks various life niches 3 Great forces from long distances agglomerate material Occurs by radiation and catastrophe. “Missing links” every where Orderly short-time specie succession; sometimes devolution, cross-zoning and confused identification of assemblages ferent fossil beds. Vs. I-3 Prompt adaptation occurs with heavy mutation; many vacated niches 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Selection time Mutation time Tree-ring (dendrochronology) Fossil appearance Coral reefs Character of assemblages Time estimates for prolifera- Requires long time tion of species vs. competition Time between successful mutations plus proliferation for species development Seasons mark solar years on Uniformity of recent past evident, earth motions logs back 5,000 years if matched Youth and age of outcrop or exposed fossils and bones expertly guessed Measure growth; relate to years by present rate Variety, numbers, ambiance, Views assemblages as acci- Views for cause, dimenslons dents or repeated incidents of catastrophe, extinction and cause of death Rapid diffusion common With enough time, enough Radiation and ecological disasters bunch changes; young successful mutation for evolutionary branching species abruptly succeeded. “Missing links” rare Major gaps and variations in rings; possible substitute constant cause of rings Experts can see that deposits believed old are really young Experts cannot tell age by visual examination Coral columns of 105 years Coral rate varies with minerals, heat. Can grow in found. Also many fossil corals before shallows of rising waters. 4 12. III. 1. 2. 3. 4. Fossil fuel formations (coal, oil) Chemo-physical Measures Radiocarbon(14C) 40Potassim - 40Argon ratio Uranium238 - Lead206 ratio Thorium232 - Lead208 ratio Time required to form coal Organic sediments, longterm, special conditions and oil Decay of 14C to 14N in dead organisum proportionate to time of death to 50,000 years Decay of 40K to 40A in igneous rock proportionate to last melt, 105 - 109 years Decay of 40K to 206Pb in minerals (non-sedimentary) measured from original crystallization of rock Decay of 232Th to 208Pb in Same as III-2 same Accepted and basic, with occasional minor deviations Can approximate rock age back to pre-Cambrian Same as III-2 5 Bull-dozing, deep burial of heated biosphere and some cosmic oil fallout Atmospheric and decay inconstancy invalidates pre- 2,500 B.P. Migration, new infusions of 40A invalidate; anomalies Migration and decay inconstancy of U-Lead chain invalidates Same as III-3 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Rubidium87-Strontium87 ratio Thermo-Luminescence Uranium fission tracks dating Oceanic uranium abundance dating Radiocarbon nonequilibrium method of dating atmosphere Decay of 87Rb to 87Sr in minerals with 87Sr measured from original rock Loss of luminescence of rocks and ceramics since last heating beyond 580ºC Etchings of charged particle A promising supplement to Subject to radionic disasters collision with micas are III-3 and cosmic-ray erasures counted and related to decay rate Elaspsed time for uranium to reach present level given known input and output Rate used for dating implies Anomalous or unverifiable Atmosphere transformed imdecline of 14C to zero in 13,000 years Same as III-2 A promising method not yet applied and reliable Unmeasurable or incompre- Short time (104) to reach present levels of accumulation hensible 6 Migration of Rb invalidates completely Promising, little applied, still in realm of nuclear uncertainties plying castasrophes 10. 11. IV. 1. 2. 3. Temperature gradients of planet Soils chemical analysis Astronomical Motions Planetary and Satellite Orbits Rotation of bodies Elecrical fields (charging) Declining heat is function of elapsed time and recent catastrophes; heat is escaping at fracture boundaries Inner dynamics of bodies unknown; radio-activity; earth fractures are hot plate boundaries Loss of heat is function of known conditions, known event, hence tells elapsed time Micro-constituents of sedi- Normal fires, air, water de- Volume, mix, context permit revolutionary period index- ments (soil, ash, clay, etc.) posits produce exterme show events. constituents ing and portray Regular measureable orbits Accepted; universal laws re- Orbits are empirical; changeable by high energy dis- troactive to solar system genesis permit retrocalculations of ancient events placements Regular rotation reliable retrocaluclations Accepted; calcuable to ori- Origin of rotation from older ginal emplacement of motions; all motions changebody; known regular and able redically, cf. Venus minute changes Periods of heavy Earth dis- Speculations; Earth is low- A developing analysis of several period by evidence charges exist and correlate charged and always has been of cosmic discharges to human behavior 7 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Solar emission inconstancy Minor durations have occur- Major and minor; patterned electrical behavior occurred Solar winds and radiance rates can be retro-corre- red but generally constant behavior lated with major events Resonances The resonances corresponded to legendary large-body encounters Planets Venus and Mercury The events are assignable achieve periodical posi- but of unknown timing tions indicating some special event. Fossil motion detectable; Moon recently emplaced Accepted; all irregularities explainable by gravitation Librations; oscillations of satellites and motion laws Gravitation explains and permits retro-calculation of Moon’s increasing distance and Earth’s slower rotation Gravitational constancy tion All retrocalculations practi- Laws are absolute and must The constancy is experienced, cally are measured with be consistent with specula- not absolute; may be in an laws of gravitation “unknown” multi-force field Age of universe Retrocalculated in billions Irreleva to most problems and highly speculative and Speed of light basic; no of years by “big bang” short-time teory conceiadaptible vable starting assumption Meteorite ages Correspond through chemo- Meteorites are solar system Meteori recently exploded and acquire false ages like physical measures with and resemble primal Earth age of Earth material III 8 Solar cycles 10. Star movement 11. 12. Planet and cometary movement Cf. IV with I, III, V 13. 14. Succession and behaviors of divinities Periodicities of sun-spots re- Periodicities vary but proflected in natural periods bably not much on Earth Where possible event can be tied to fixed stars “Fixed” stars give perfect intervals for retrotiming A position today gives a re- No force disturbs much the Planets and comets have behaved changeably in recent orbits of planets liable position through the ages Earth-other planet compari- Each planet has its own in- All planets bear the marks of their experiences with other dividual unaffected existence sons and correlations of events and causes Planet-associated divinities Mythological materials are Mythology permits increasingly superstitions, gibberish; un- exact and reliable correla- are function of time when planets active proven correlations 9 Periodicities are reasonable if experienced, but radical departures probably over thousands of years Star movements are anciently implicated in planetary movements times planets tions; V.1.-2 V. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cultural Measures Mythological time Legendary time Anniversaries Calendars Mechanical clocks Archaeological location and succession Sublimated and fantastic sequences Collectively affirmed fixed events and sequences Asserted or evident temporal fixation of intensive event of typerences IV.-14,V.1 -2 -10 Pre-historical and historical systems of time reckoning Devices, sundials, shadow sticks, and process flows calibrated to time Cultural data arranged by 1.3, development stages, and causes of hiatuses Pure fantasy, primitive, and/or indecipherable Same but more intelligible Random Celebrations or based upon eternal recurevents Often confused but OK if in line with present time Unintelligible if not in keep- Correct “fossils” of different time-periods ing with present time Usually human-caused or normal present forces 10 Simplified hidden but true messages, sometimes decipherable Same but sometimes clear and accurate Celebrations of single or psychically combined natural Rarely confused; reflect different times; decipherable Often radical changes and hiatuses catastrophically caused 7. 8. 9. 10. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Timed records. Memorial generations. Cycles of Ages. Cross-cultural co-experience Reports of experiences, suc- Often inept, primitive, con- Usually correct but mistakenly edited or for extinct timeperiods cessive events, or astrology flicting with true time Oral long-time transmission Unreliable; too many breaks Highly disciplined, sometimes and much fantasy valid and reliable plus V.-1, 2, One M.G. = 50 year Plots main lines of naturalcultural history; fragmentary Theories of successive ages Mythical and fantastic; of chaos and creation superstitious Traumatic independent invention and coercive diffusion Synchronization by common Independent invention or diffusion experiences of culture items of catastrophism 11